Answer: Group 1 Mains – Hyderabad State: Mulki Rules Farman (1919)
Q: Examine the extent to which the Farman on Mulki Rules issued by the Nizam in 1919 were beneficial in matters of Education and Employment in the Hyderabad State.
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✅ Introduction (100 words)
The Farman (royal decree) issued by the Nizam of Hyderabad in 1919 established the Mulki Rules to protect the rights of local residents—Mulkis—in the fields of education and employment. It came at a time when the Hyderabad State witnessed increasing domination of non-locals (particularly from British India and North India) in administrative, professional, and academic sectors. The Farman was a significant step in asserting regional identity and social justice in the princely state. This essay examines the intent, implementation, and effectiveness of the 1919 Farman in ensuring equitable access to education and employment for locals.
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✅ 1. Historical Context (150 words)
Hyderabad was a princely state under Nizam's rule with semi-autonomous status under British paramountcy.
Post-1857, the recruitment in administration and education began favoring Urdu-speaking or British Indian elites, sidelining Telugu, Kannada, and Marathi-speaking locals.
Locals (Mulkis) began expressing grievances due to lack of job opportunities and representation in education.
This discontent prompted the Nizam to issue the Farman on Mulki Rules on 28 October 1919, intending to safeguard local rights.
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✅ 2. Core Features of the Mulki Rules (100 words)
A person was considered Mulki if:
1. Born in Hyderabad State.
2. Resided there for 15 years.
3. Father had served in the state’s service.
Reservations for Mulkis in:
Government jobs.
Educational scholarships and admissions.
Protection from being displaced by outsiders.
It created a legal basis for preference to locals in employment and education.
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✅ 3. Impact on Education (200 words)
Access to scholarships: Mulkis were given preference in state-funded scholarships, reducing educational inequality.
Admission in colleges: Locals gained access to Hyderabad’s prestigious institutions like Osmania University (est. 1918).
Promotion of local languages: Policies began to include Telugu, Kannada, and Marathi in curriculum alongside Urdu.
Training and technical education: Mulkis were prioritized in technical and vocational training centers.
Local empowerment: Enabled rural and middle-class students from Hyderabad regions like Telangana, Marathwada, and Karnataka to access higher education.
Limitations:
Urdu-medium barrier persisted in elite education.
Implementation was partial due to lack of monitoring.
Non-Mulkis still dominated some professional institutions through influence and lobbying.
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✅ 4. Impact on Employment (250 words)
Government jobs: Preference for Mulkis was introduced in civil services, police, and revenue departments.
Reduction of outsider dominance: It curbed employment of North Indian Kayasthas and British Indian clerks who dominated Hyderabad bureaucracy.
Fair recruitment: Exams and promotions were made favorable for Mulkis.
Empowerment of Telangana youth: Many locals from rural Telangana entered government service.
Challenges:
Loopholes: Many outsiders claimed Mulki certificates fraudulently.
Resistance from elites: Urdu-speaking elites and non-locals opposed the rules.
Enforcement: Lack of strong institutions to monitor implementation.
Urban bias: Rural Mulkis still lagged in awareness and access.
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✅ 5. Political and Social Significance (150 words)
The 1919 Farman laid the foundation for future regional identity movements in Telangana.
It instilled the notion of "jobs and education for locals", which later became central to:
1952 Mulki Agitation.
1969 Telangana Movement.
It was one of the earliest attempts to implement affirmative action in princely India.
Strengthened trust between the Nizam and local population, avoiding large-scale unrest in the 1920s.
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✅ 6. Legacy and Long-Term Outcomes (100 words)
Though partially successful, the 1919 Mulki Rules symbolized a regional assertion against central domination.
It influenced post-independence policies like:
Telangana Mulki Rules (1956–1972).
Presidential Order 1975 (Six-Point Formula).
The spirit of the Farman echoed in state formation debates, justifying local reservations.
In contemporary Telangana, the idea of local-first policies continues with similar intent.
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✅ Conclusion (50 words)
The 1919 Farman on Mulki Rules was a pioneering policy aimed at ensuring socio-educational justice for locals in Hyderabad State. Though its implementation faced challenges, it laid a strong foundation for regional empowerment, becoming a milestone in the history of Telangana’s struggle for identity, opportunity, and self-respect.
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✅ Summary in Telugu (తెలుగులో సంగ్రహం):
1919లో నిజాం జారీ చేసిన ముల్కీ నిబంధనల ఫర్మాన్ ద్వారా స్థానికులకు విద్యా, ఉద్యోగాల్లో ప్రాధాన్యం ఇచ్చే ప్రయత్నం జరిగింది. దీనివల్ల విద్యాసంస్థల్లో అడ్మిషన్లు, స్కాలర్‌షిప్‌లు, ప్రభుత్వ ఉద్యోగాల్లో నియామకాలు ముల్కీలకు లభించాయి. అయితే అమలులో కొంతవరకే ప్రయోజనం కలిగింది. ఈ ఫర్మాన్ తర్వత తెలంగాణ ఉద్యమాలకు ప్రేరణ ఇచ్చింది. ఇది ప్రాంతీయ గుర్తింపు, స్వయం ప్రతిష్టను బలపరిచింది.
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🧠 Thinking Process & Memory Tricks:
💡 THINKING FRAMEWORK:
1. Background → Policy → Implementation → Impact → Challenges → Legacy
2. Use PEEL structure (Point, Evidence, Explanation, Link)
🧠 MEMORY TECHNIQUES:
🔹 Telugu Trick (Code: ము-వు-ఉ-ఘ-ఆ):
ము – ముల్కీ నిబంధనలు
వు – విద్యలో ప్రయోజనాలు
ఉ – ఉద్యోగ అవకాశాలు
ఘ – ఘాటైన సమస్యలు (చెత్త అమలు, బోగస్ సర్టిఫికెట్లు)
ఆ – ఆంతరాయాలు & ఉద్యమాలకు ప్రేరణ
🔹 English Trick – FARMAN:
F – Fairness in Education
A – Access to Govt Jobs
R – Regional Protection
M – Mulki Definition (born/resident/service)
A – Administrative Preference
N – Nationalist Legacy
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✅ 30 Examples for Practice:
1. Admission in Osmania University for Telangana locals
2. Urdu-medium disadvantage for rural Mulkis
3. Hyderabad Civil Services – Mulki quota
4. Police recruitment for Mulkis
5. Marathwada students in Aurangabad colleges
6. Karimnagar locals in district courts
7. Nizam’s Department of Education – Mulki scholarships
8. Fraudulent Mulki certificates in city jobs
9. North Indian domination before 1919
10. Mulki protests in 1930s
11. Training centers in Warangal favoring locals
12. Nizam trust in locals to prevent rebellion
13. Mulki quota in medical colleges
14. Unemployed graduates from Mahbubnagar benefited
15. Urdu press criticism of Farman
16. Legal debates on Mulki definition
17. Revenue officials replaced by locals
18. 1952 agitation for enforcement of Mulki Rules
19. Rise of Telangana consciousness
20. Satirical dramas on non-Mulki officers
21. Village-level awareness campaigns
22. Failure in strict enforcement mechanisms
23. Political use of Farman by regional leaders
24. Mulki preference in public works jobs
25. Tension in administrative circles over quotas
26. Long-term impact on job policies
27. Linguistic support for Telugu education
28. Osmania scholarships favoring rural students
29. Telangana activists citing 1919 rules
30. Post-1948 State integration debates
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Would you like a PDF, video explanation in Telugu, or a mindmap of this content for quick revision, Madhu?
### Examination of the 1919 Farman on Mulki Rules: Impact on Education and Employment in Hyderabad State
#### **1. Historical Context and Key Provisions of the 1919 Farman**
- **Origin**: Issed by the 7th Nizam, Mir Osman Ali Khan, the Farman formalized existing Mulki (local/native) rules under Appendix 'N' of the Hyderabad Civil Service Regulations. It defined "Mulki" as:
- Birth within Hyderabad State .
- Permanent residency ≥15 years with abandonment of ties to previous domicile .
- Hereditary status via father's government service (15+ years) .
- **Objective**: Prioritize locals in government jobs to counter "Gair-Mulki" (non-locals), particularly migrants from British India .
#### **2. Benefits in Education and Employment**
##### **Employment Sector**
- **Reservation System**:
- 100% reservation for Mulkis in lower/services .
- For "superior services," non-Mulkis required the Nizam's special permission .
- **Economic Protection**: Shielded locals from competition with outsiders, ensuring job security for Hyderabad-born residents .
- **Post-1948 Continuity**: After Hyderabad's annexation by India (1948), the rules were retained under Article 35(b) and Article 16(3) of the Indian Constitution .
##### **Education Sector**
- **Faculty Recruitment**: Osmania University and government colleges prioritized Mulki professors, promoting local academic talent .
- **Student Quotas**: Though less formalized than employment, Mulki students received preference in state scholarships and technical institutions .
- **Cultural Integration**: Policies encouraged Urdu/Telugu-medium education, aligning with Mulki linguistic identity .
#### **3. Limitations and Controversies**
- **Elite Bias**: Rules favored Urdu-speaking Muslim elites and hereditary bureaucrats, marginalizing rural Telugu/Hindu communities .
- **Certificate Corruption**: Mulki certificates were often forged or manipulated by wealthy families .
- **Post-1956 Tensions**: After Andhra-Telangana merger (1956), non-Mulkis exploited loopholes (e.g., fake residency proofs), violating safeguards like the Gentlemen’s Agreement (1956) .
- **Agitations**: Violations sparked the 1952 Mulki Agitation (e.g., Warangal student protests) and the 1969 Telangana movement .
#### **4. Long-term Impact**
- **Constitutional Legacy**:
- The 1975 *Presidential Order* (Article 371-D) and *Six-Point Formula* replaced Mulki rules but retained residency-based quotas .
- **Socio-Political Influence**:
- Fueled Telangana's subnational identity, culminating in statehood (2014) .
- Exposed flaws in "residence-based equity," influencing India’s public employment laws .
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### **తెలుగులో సారాంశం** (Summary in Telugu)
**1919 ముల్కీ నిబంధనల ఫర్మాన్ ప్రభావం**: హైదరాబాద్ రాష్ట్రంలో విద్య, ఉపాధి రంగాలలో స్థానికుల అవకాశాల రక్షణకు నిజాం మీర్ ఉస్మాన్ అలీ ఖాన్ జారీ చేసిన ఫర్మాన్ ప్రధాన లక్ష్యం.
**ప్రయోజనాలు**:
- **ఉపాధి**: ప్రభుత్వ ఉద్యోగాలలో 100% ముల్కీ రిజర్వేషన్; బయటి వారిని నియామకానికి నిజాం అనుమతి అవసరం .
- **విద్య**: ఉస్మానియా విశ్వవిద్యాలయంలో స్థానిక అధ్యాపకుల నియామకం, ముల్కీ విద్యార్థులకు స్కాలర్షిప్ ప్రాధాన్యత .
**పరిమితులు**:
- షాహీపరివారాలు/ఉర్దూ మాట్లాడే వర్గాలకు మేలు; గ్రామీణ తెలుగు సమాజాలు వెనుకబడడం.
- 1956 తర్వాత ఆంధ్ర ప్రాంతం నుండి వచ్చిన వారి ద్వారా నియమ ఉల్లంఘనలు (ఉదా: నకిలీ నివాస ధృవీకరణ పత్రాలు) .
**దీర్ఘకాలిక ప్రభావం**:
- 1975లో "ఆర్టికల్ 371-D" ద్వారా ముల్కీ నియమాలు రద్దయ్యాయి, కానీ నివాస ఆధారిత కోటాలు కొనసాగాయి.
- తెలంగాణ ప్రత్యేకతకు బీజం వేయడంలో ఈ నియమాలు కీలకపాత్ర వహించాయి .
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### **Tricks to Remember Key Facts**
1. **1919 Farman**: Use **"1 Nizam, 9 Rules"** → 7th Nizam (1919) + 9 key clauses in Appendix 'N'.
2. **Mulki Definition**: **"B-R-A-H"** → **B**irth, **R**esidence (15 yrs), **A**ncestry (father’s service), **H**yderabad wife .
3. **Impact**: **"J-O-B-S"** →
- **J**ob reservations for locals,
- **O**smania University bias,
- **B**andhs (1952 agitations),
- **S**tatehood catalyst (2014).
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### **30 Examples Related to the 1919 Mulki Rules**
1. **Employment**:
- 1884: 6th Nizam strengthened Mulki provisions in Civil Services Regulation .
- 1949: Military Governor J.N. Chaudhuri reissued 1919 rules .
- 1955: Hyderabad General Recruitment Rules upheld residency criteria .
- 1957: Andhra Pradesh Public Employment Act reserved 2/3 Secretariat vacancies for Mulkis .
- 1952: Non-Mulki teachers appointed in Warangal schools triggered student agitations .
2. **Education**:
- Osmania University hired Mulki professors for Urdu/Telugu departments .
- 1935: Nizam’s Subjects League demanded "Hyderabad for Hyderabadis" in academic jobs .
- 1952: City College (Hyderabad) students protested non-Mulki faculty .
3. **Legal/Constitutional**:
- 1950: Constitution protected Mulki rules under Article 35(b) .
- 1956: Section 119 of State Reorganization Act preserved Mulki rules .
- 1973: Six-Point Formula replaced Mulki rules with zonal quotas .
4. **Agitations**:
- 1952: Bollaram public meeting (Aug 24) and Hyderabad bandh (Aug 26) .
- 1952: "Idli Sambar Go Back" slogans against Andhra migrants .
- 1969: Separate Telangana movement citing Mulki rule violations .
5. **Notable Figures**:
- **Kaloji Narayana Rao**: Chaired Mulki meetings .
- **Dr. Timmaraju**: Secunderabad Mayor presiding over 1952 Mulki assemblies .
- **Burgula Ramakrishna Rao**: Faced criticism for failing to enforce rules .
6. **Controversies**:
- 1959: Andhra rulers exploited Section 5 of 1957 Act to hire non-locals .
- Fake Mulki certificates issued using bribed magistrates .
- 1985: GO 610 exposed non-Mulki appointments in Telangana .
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### **Conclusion**
The 1919 Farman was a landmark in empowering Hyderabad’s locals in employment and education but suffered from elite bias and poor enforcement. While it laid groundwork for regional equity, its loopholes ignited decades of socio-political conflict, ultimately reshaping India’s federal policies. For modern India, it remains a case study in balancing *residence-based rights* with *national integration* .
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