Answer:
Question 6:
"The demographic structure and transition of Telangana deviated from the demographic structure and transition of India during 1961-2011" (as per census data). Examine with reference to sex ratio, rural-urban population, literacy and decadal growth rate of population.
✅ Structure of the Answer (1000 words)
I. Introduction
Demography reflects the socio-economic development of a region. Between 1961 and 2011, Telangana witnessed a demographic transition marked by changes in fertility, mortality, urbanization, and education. Compared to India’s average patterns, Telangana showed unique trends owing to its distinct historical, economic, and political context.
II. Sex Ratio (1961–2011)
India:
- 1961: 941 females/1000 males
- 2011: 943 females/1000 males
- Trend: Marginal improvement; consistently skewed in favor of males due to son preference and female infanticide in parts of northern India.
Telangana:
- 1961: 981 females/1000 males
- 2011: 988 females/1000 males
- Trend: Higher than national average consistently; closer to gender parity.
- Districts like Khammam, Nalgonda showed better ratios due to matriarchal social structures and less gender bias.
✅ Deviation:
- Telangana had a better sex ratio throughout this period, showing progressive gender dynamics in comparison to India.
III. Rural-Urban Population
India:
- 1961: Urban – 17.97%, Rural – 82.03%
- 2011: Urban – 31.16%, Rural – 68.84%
- Trend: Rapid urbanization, especially post-1991 liberalization.
Telangana:
- 1961: Urban – 19.8%, Rural – 80.2%
- 2011: Urban – 38.88%, Rural – 61.12%
- Trend: Faster urbanization than national average due to:
- Hyderabad as a capital city
- Industrialization in Warangal, Karimnagar
- IT boom (Hyderabad)
✅ Deviation:
- Telangana transitioned faster to an urban society, especially after 1990s due to economic migration and IT sector growth.
IV. Literacy Rate
India:
- 1961: 28.3%
- 2011: 74.04%
- Gap in male-female literacy remained high for decades
Telangana:
- 1961: 21.2% (lowest in undivided AP)
- 2011: 66.54%
- Female literacy in 2011: 57.92% (India: 65.46%)
- Male literacy in 2011: 75.04% (India: 82.14%)
✅ Deviation:
- Telangana lagged behind in literacy, especially female literacy, due to feudal structures, low school infrastructure in rural areas, and high dropout rates.
V. Decadal Growth Rate of Population
India:
- 1961-71: 24.8%
- 2001-11: 17.64%
- Trend: Gradual decline in growth rate due to family planning
Telangana:
- 1961–71: 21.86%
- 2001–11: 13.58%
- Trend: Even faster decline in growth rate compared to India.
Reasons:
- Migration to cities
- Increase in female education
- Sterilization drives in the 70s and 80s
- Cultural preference for smaller families
✅ Deviation:
- Telangana experienced a faster demographic stabilization, suggesting early onset of demographic transition.
✅ VI. Summary of Key Deviations
| Indicator | Telangana | India | Deviation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex Ratio | Higher & improving | Lower & stagnant | Telangana more gender-balanced |
| Urbanization | Faster, especially post-1990s | Slower overall | Due to Hyderabad and IT growth |
| Literacy | Lagging, esp. female literacy | Steady national improvement | Telangana underperformed |
| Population Growth | Early decline, faster transition | Gradual decline | Telangana ahead in transition phase |
VII. Reasons for Telangana’s Deviation
- Historical Legacy: Under Nizam rule, development was limited and uneven.
- Hyderabad Factor: A major economic and urban magnet.
- Migration Patterns: People moved from backward regions to Hyderabad.
- Policy Interventions: Family planning was more aggressively pushed in Telangana.
- Cultural Aspects: Less gender-based abortion practices.
- Regional Imbalances: Rural neglect, particularly in north Telangana.
VIII. Conclusion
The demographic transition of Telangana between 1961 and 2011 distinctly diverged from the national patterns. While Telangana showed superior performance in sex ratio and urbanization, it lagged in literacy, especially among women. The population growth rate showed early stabilization, making Telangana an advanced case of demographic transition in India.
✅ Summary in Telugu:
1961–2011 మధ్య భారతదేశం మరియు తెలంగాణ జనాభా నిర్మితిలో స్పష్టమైన తేడాలు కనిపించాయి.
- లింగ నిష్పత్తిలో తెలంగాణ దేశం కంటే మెరుగైన స్థాయిలో ఉంది.
- పట్టణీకరణ వేగంగా జరిగింది, ముఖ్యంగా హైదరాబాద్ వృద్ధి వల్ల.
- అక్షరాస్యత లో తెలంగాణ వెనుకబడి ఉంది, ప్రత్యేకించి గ్రామీణ ప్రాంతాల్లో.
- జనాభా వృద్ధి రేటు దేశం కంటే తక్కువగా ఉండి, త్వరితగతిన స్థిరత్వాన్ని చేరుకుంది.
ఈ తేడాలకు చారిత్రిక, రాజకీయ, సామాజిక కారణాలే మౌలికంగా ఉన్నాయి.
✅ Thinking Process & Tricks to Remember (Telugu + English)
Trick: SURL Formula –
Sex ratio, Urbanization, Rural-urban divide, Literacy
👉 Use "SURL" to recall four aspects of demography.
Telugu Keywords:
- లింగ నిష్పత్తి = జెండర్ ఎక్వాలిటీ
- పట్టణీకరణ = హైదరాబాద్ అభివృద్ధి
- అక్షరాస్యత = విద్యా వెనుకబాటు
- జనాభా వృద్ధి = వేగంగా తగ్గిన పెరుగుదల
Memory Hook:
- Think of Hyderabad as urban magnet
- Feudal Telangana delayed literacy
- Progressive society maintained better gender ratio
- Sterilization & migration brought early population control
✅ 30 Real Examples / Observations
- Hyderabad’s expansion post-1990 IT boom
- Warangal turning into smart city
- Khammam and Adilabad showed better female sex ratio
- Karimnagar had low female literacy till 1990
- Migration from Mahabubnagar to Hyderabad
- High dropout rates in tribal areas like Asifabad
- Hyderabad Urban Agglomeration alone houses 1 crore+
- SC/ST literacy gap persists in Telangana
- Urban slums expanded rapidly near LB Nagar, Kukatpally
- Telangana’s population grew by only 13.58% (2001–11)
- Decadal growth in Rangareddy was high due to migration
- Hyderabad’s 1961 literacy was 41% (India average was ~28%)
- Siddipet had lowest literacy rate in 1981
- 2001 census: Telangana rural literacy was below 55%
- Medak had one of the lowest female literacy till 2001
- Urban female literacy rose post-2000 due to education drives
- Karimnagar had high migration to Gulf countries
- Telangana achieved 100% household electrification in urban areas faster
- Tribal sex ratio better than non-tribal in Telangana
- Urban Telangana showed 75%+ literacy by 2011
- Urban poverty reduced faster due to employment
- Post-2000, female sterilization programs increased
- Telangana districts topped in national family planning campaigns
- 1980s: Telangana had highest rural dropouts
- 1990s: Urban girls in Hyderabad outperformed boys in SSC
- Telangana showed a faster fall in TFR (Total Fertility Rate)
- TS had 4 districts with >990 sex ratio in 2011
- Scheduled Caste female literacy was <40% in 2001
- Post-2009 Hyderabad saw a massive urban push due to IT parks
- BPL families in Telangana decreased faster after 2000 due to welfare schemes
Deep
## Telangana vs. India: Demographic Deviations (1961-2011) - Analysis
**Introduction:**
The assertion that Telangana's demographic structure and transition deviated from India's overall pattern between 1961 and 2011 holds significant merit when examined through key indicators: sex ratio, rural-urban distribution, literacy, and decadal population growth rate. While sharing broad national trends like declining fertility and mortality, Telangana exhibited distinct trajectories shaped by its unique socio-economic history, cultural practices, and specific regional dynamics, particularly the prominence of Hyderabad and historical socio-political factors.
**1. Sex Ratio: A Troubling Start Followed by Convergence**
* **India:** India consistently struggled with a low sex ratio (females per 1000 males) throughout this period, reflecting deep-seated son preference, sex-selective practices, and female disadvantage. The ratio hovered around 940 in 1961, dipped to a low of 927 in 1991 (indicating worsening discrimination), and showed a slow recovery to 940 by 2011.
* **Telangana:** **Deviation:** Telangana started with an *even lower* sex ratio than the Indian average (961 in 1961 vs. India's 940), indicating a more pronounced initial disadvantage for females. Crucially, while India's ratio worsened until 1991, Telangana's decline was less severe and its recovery started earlier and was more robust.
* By 2001, Telangana (978) had surpassed India (933).
* By 2011, Telangana (988) was significantly higher than India (940), marking a clear reversal and convergence towards a healthier ratio.
* **Reason for Deviation:** While son preference existed, Telangana's faster improvement might be attributed to relatively lower prevalence of sex-selective abortions compared to some North Indian states (though still present), specific state-level initiatives post-2000s (even before formal statehood), and perhaps cultural factors within the region. The significant improvement from 2001 onwards is notable.
**2. Rural-Urban Population: Faster Urbanization**
* **India:** India remained predominantly rural throughout this period, though urbanization steadily increased. The urban population share rose from 18.0% (1961) to 31.2% (2011). Growth was gradual.
* **Telangana:** **Deviation:** Telangana exhibited a consistently *higher* level of urbanization and a *faster* pace of urban growth compared to India.
* Started significantly higher (23.0% urban in 1961 vs. India's 18.0%).
* Maintained this lead consistently (24.1% in 1971 vs. 19.9%; 26.8% in 1981 vs. 23.3%; 30.9% in 1991 vs. 25.7%; 32.8% in 2001 vs. 27.8%).
* By 2011, Telangana's urban population (38.7%) was substantially higher than India's (31.2%).
* **Reason for Deviation:** The overwhelming driver is Hyderabad, a major metropolis and economic hub even before statehood. Its growth, along with other district headquarters and industrial townships (like Ramagundam, Warangal, Khammam), pulled people from rural areas and other states at a rate exceeding the national average. This created a persistent and widening gap in urbanization levels.
**3. Literacy: Lagging Behind, Then Catching Up**
* **India:** Literacy rates improved steadily but slowly across the decades. Overall literacy rose from 28.3% (1961) to 74.0% (2011). Male literacy was always significantly higher than female literacy, though the gap narrowed.
* **Telangana:** **Deviation:** Telangana started with literacy levels *significantly below* the Indian average and *lagged behind for most of the period*, particularly in female literacy. However, it demonstrated *accelerated growth* in the later decades, especially post-2001, showing signs of catching up.
* In 1961: Telangana (21.2%) vs India (28.3%) - a large gap.
* In 1991: Telangana (44.0%) vs India (52.2%) - still lagging.
* In 2001: Telangana (60.5%) vs India (64.8%) - gap narrowing, but female literacy gap remained stark (Telangana Females: 53.7% vs India Females: 53.7% - parity here, but overall lag).
* In 2011: Telangana (66.5%) vs India (74.0%) - still below, but the *rate of increase* from 2001-2011 (6 percentage points) was significant, though slightly less than India's increase (9.2 points). Female literacy showed strong gains but still lagged national female average (Telangana Females: 59.7% vs India Females: 65.5%).
* **Reason for Deviation:** Historical neglect in educational infrastructure investment within the Telangana region during the unified Andhra Pradesh era, socio-economic backwardness, and pockets of persistent gender disparity contributed to the initial lag and slower progress in early decades. The acceleration post-2001 can be linked to increased focus on education driven by statehood movement demands and specific initiatives.
**4. Decadal Growth Rate: The "Telangana Dip" and Subsequent Surge**
* **India:** India's population growth rate peaked between 1961-71 (24.8%) and 1971-81 (24.7%), reflecting high fertility and declining mortality. It then began a gradual decline: 23.9% (1981-91), 21.5% (1991-2001), and 17.7% (2001-2011) due to falling fertility rates.
* **Telangana:** **Deviation:** Telangana exhibited a unique pattern:
* **1961-71:** Similar to India (22.6% vs 24.8%).
* **1971-81:** **Significant Dip:** Growth plummeted to 16.8%, far below India's 24.7%. This is the most striking deviation.
* **1981-91:** Remained lower than India (20.4% vs 23.9%).
* **1991-2001:** Converged closer to India (14.6% vs 21.5% - note this was India's decline phase).
* **2001-2011:** **Surge:** Growth jumped to 13.6%, notably *higher* than India's 17.7% (and significantly higher than Andhra Pradesh's growth during this period).
* **Reason for Deviation:** The dramatic dip (1971-81 & 1981-91) is widely attributed to large-scale *out-migration* from Telangana, especially rural areas, due to economic distress (agrarian crisis, lack of opportunities), social unrest (Naxalite movement), and migration to more prosperous regions like Coastal Andhra or other states (including Maharashtra) and Hyderabad. The surge in 2001-2011 is primarily driven by *in-migration* into the rapidly growing Hyderabad urban agglomeration and other Telangana towns, attracted by the IT boom, construction, and service sector jobs, significantly outweighing the natural growth rate which was declining due to falling fertility.
**Conclusion:**
The census data from 1961 to 2011 clearly demonstrates significant deviations in Telangana's demographic structure and transition compared to all-India trends:
1. **Sex Ratio:** Started worse but improved faster and surpassed India by 2011.
2. **Rural-Urban:** Consistently higher urbanization due to Hyderabad's dominance.
3. **Literacy:** Lagged significantly for decades, showing accelerated but incomplete catch-up by 2011, with female literacy remaining a concern.
4. **Growth Rate:** Exhibited a unique "dip" (1971-1991) due to out-migration, followed by a "surge" (2001-2011) driven by in-migration, diverging from India's smoother declining trend.
These deviations underscore the profound impact of regional specificities – historical socio-political context, economic structure (Hyderabad's gravity), patterns of migration (both distress-driven out-migration and opportunity-driven in-migration), and varying paces of social change – within the broader national demographic transition. Telangana's path was distinct, marked by initial disadvantages in some areas, unique migration-driven growth fluctuations, and the powerful urbanizing force of its capital.
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**తెలుగు సారాంశం (Summary in Telugu):**
**తెలంగాణ vs భారతదేశం: జనాభా నిర్మాణంలో తేడాలు (1961-2011)**
జనాభా లెక్కల ప్రకారం, 1961 నుండి 2011 వరకు తెలంగాణ జనాభా నిర్మాణం మరియు దాని మార్పు భారతదేశం మొత్తం కంటే భిన్నంగా ఉందనేది నిజం. ప్రధాన సూచికల ద్వారా పరిశీలిద్దాం:
1. **లింగ నిష్పత్తి (పురుషులకు స్త్రీలు):** తెలంగాణ *ప్రారంభంలో* (1961: 961) భారత సగటు (940) కంటే చాలా వెనుకబడి ఉంది. కానీ, కాలక్రమేణా *వేగంగా మెరుగుపడి*, 2001లో (978) భారత్తను (933) మించిపోయి, 2011లో (988) గణనీయంగా ముందుంది. ఇది ప్రధాన విచలనం.
2. **గ్రామీణ-నగర జనాభా:** తెలంగాణలో *నగర జనాభా శాతం ఎప్పుడూ ఎక్కువగా* ఉండేది (1961: 23.0% vs భారత్ 18.0%). హైదరాబాద్ మహానగరం వల్ల *నగరీకరణ వేగంగా* జరిగి, 2011 నాటికి తెలంగాణలో 38.7% నగర జనాభా ఉండగా, భారత్ సగటు 31.2% మాత్రమే.
3. **అక్షరాస్యత:** తెలంగాణ *చాలా దశాబ్దాల పాటు* భారత సగటు కంటే *వెనుకబడి* ఉండేది (1961: 21.2% vs 28.3%; 1991: 44.0% vs 52.2%). 2001 (60.5% vs 64.8%) తర్వాత *వేగవంతమైన పురోగతి* కనిపించినా, 2011లో (66.5%) ఇప్పటికీ భారత్ (74.0%) కంటే తక్కువ. *స్త్రీ అక్షరాస్యత* ముఖ్యంగా వెనుకబడి ఉంది.
4. **దశాబ్ది జనాభా వృద్ధి రేటు:** ఇక్కడ అతి పెద్ద *విచలనం*:
* 1961-71: భారత్తతో సమానం (22.6% vs 24.8%).
* 1971-81 & 1981-91: **పెద్ద డిప్ (Dip):** వృద్ధి రేటు పడిపోయి (16.8%, 20.4%) భారత్ (24.7%, 23.9%) కంటే చాలా తక్కువ. కారణం: ఆర్థిక కష్టాలు, సామాజిక అశాంతి (నక్సలిజం) వల్ల *గ్రామీణ ప్రాంతాల నుండి బయటకు వలసలు*.
* 1991-2001: భారత్ (21.5%) కంటే తక్కువ (14.6%) కానీ తేడా తగ్గుతుంది.
* 2001-2011: **వేగవంతమైన పెరుగుదల (Surge):** వృద్ధి రేటు 13.6% కి పెరిగి, భారత్ (17.7%) కంటే *ఎక్కువ*. కారణం: హైదరాబాద్ & ఇతర నగరాల్లో ఉపాధి అవకాశాల వల్ల *లోపలికి వచ్చే వలసలు (In-migration)*.
**ముగింపు:** హైదరాబాద్ ప్రభావం, చారిత్రక సామాజిక-ఆర్థిక వెనుకబాటుతనం, ముఖ్యంగా గ్రామీణ ప్రాంతాల నుండి జరిగిన బయట వలసలు (1970-90లు) మరియు తర్వాత నగరాల్లోకి వచ్చిన లోపలి వలసలు (2000లు) - ఈ ప్రత్యేక కారకాలు తెలంగాణ జనాభా మార్పును భారతదేశం మొత్తం కంటే భిన్నంగా మలిచాయి.
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**Thinking Process & Tricks to Remember (తెలుగు & English):**
1. **Identify Parameters:** Clearly list what to compare: Sex Ratio, Rural-Urban, Literacy, Growth Rate. (పోల్చాల్సిన అంశాలను గుర్తించు: లింగ నిష్పత్తి, గ్రామీణ-నగర, అక్షరాస్యత, వృద్ధి రేటు).
2. **Gather Data:** Mentally/visually recall key census figures for India and Telangana region for each decade (1961, 71, 81, 91, 01, 11) for these parameters. (ప్రతి దశాబ్దికి (1961,71,81,91,01,11) భారత్ & తెలంగాణ కీలక ఆంక్డాంశాలు గుర్తుంచుకో).
3. **Spot Trends:** For each parameter, look at:
* Starting point (1961): Who was higher/lower? (ప్రారంభ స్థితి: ఎవరు ముందు/వెనుక?)
* Direction of Change: Are both increasing/decreasing? (మార్పు దిశ: రెండూ పెరుగుతున్నాయా/తగ్గుతున్నాయా?)
* Pace of Change: Is one changing faster/slower? (మార్పు వేగం: ఏది వేగంగా/నిదానంగా మారుతుంది?)
* Crossovers: When does Telangana overtake/fall behind India? (క్రాస్ ఓవర్లు: తెలంగాణ ఎప్పుడు మించిపోతుంది/వెనుకపడుతుంది?)
4. **Look for Anomalies:** Identify periods where Telangana's data point wildly diverges from the national trend (e.g., Growth Rate Dip 1971-91, Sex Ratio Crossover 2001). (అసాధారణాలను గుర్తించు: ఉదా: వృద్ధి రేటు డిప్ 1971-91, లింగ నిష్పత్తి క్రాస్ ఓవర్ 2001).
5. **Link to Context:** Connect the deviations to known historical/socio-economic factors:
* Sex Ratio: Initial disadvantage (Why?), Faster improvement (Why? Policies? Culture?). (లింగ నిష్పత్తి: ప్రారంభ వెనుకబాటుతనం (ఎందుకు?), వేగవంతమైన అభివృద్ధి (ఎందుకు? పాలసీలు? సంస్కృతి?)).
* Urbanization: HYDERABAD effect. (నగరీకరణ: హైదరాబాద్ ప్రభావం).
* Literacy: Historical neglect -> Lag -> Catch-up attempts. (అక్షరాస్యత: చారిత్రక నిర్లక్ష్యం -> వెనుకబాటుతనం -> అభివృద్ధి ప్రయత్నాలు).
* Growth Rate: OUT-MIGRATION (Distress: Agrarian, Naxal) -> IN-MIGRATION (Hyderabad Boom). (వృద్ధి రేటు: బయట వలసలు (కష్టాలు: వ్యవసాయ, నక్సల్) -> లోపలి వలసలు (హైదరాబాద్ వృద్ధి)).
**Tricks to Remember (గుర్తుంచుకోవడానికి ట్రిక్స్):**
* **Acronym: SURGe Telangana**
* **S**ex Ratio: **S**tarted Low, **S**urpassed India (2001).
* **U**rbanization: **U**niquely High (**U** due to Hyd).
* **R**ural Decline: Faster due to **R**apid Urbanization & earlier Out-migration.
* **G**rowth Rate: **G**reat **D**ip (70s-90s) then **G**rowth **S**urge (2001-11).
* **Visualize the Graph:** Imagine simple line graphs for each parameter. Telangana's line for Sex Ratio starts below India but crosses above sharply. Urbanization line is always higher. Literacy line starts low and climbs steeply later. Growth Rate line has a big U-shaped dip in the middle compared to India's smoother decline.
* **Key Numbers as Anchors:**
* Sex Ratio Crossover: **2001** (Tel:978 > Ind:933)
* Urbanization Gap 2011: **38.7% vs 31.2%** (Remember 38>31)
* Literacy Lag 2011: **66.5% vs 74.0%** (Focus on the ~7.5% gap)
* Growth Anomaly: **1971-81: 16.8% vs 24.7%** (Biggest Gap), **2001-11: 13.6% vs 17.7%** (Surge relative to India).
* **Telugu Mnemonic (తెలుగు గుర్తుంచుకునే పద్ధతి): "హైదరాబాద్ ఎఫెక్ట్"**
* **హై** - హైదరాబాద్ వల్ల **నగర జనాభా ఎక్కువ** (Urban High)
* **ద** - దగ్గరలోనే (2001లో) **లింగ నిష్పత్తి మించింది** (Sex Ratio Crossed)
* **రా** - రాజ్యం లోనే (చారిత్రకంగా) **అక్షరాస్యత తక్కువ** (Literacy Lagged)
* **బా** - బయటకు వెళ్లడం (Out-migration) వల్ల **వృద్ధి రేటు డిప్** (Growth Dip 70s-90s)
* **ద్** - దిగువ నుండి (2000ల్లో) లోపలికి వచ్చిన వలసల వల్ల **వృద్ధి సర్జ్** (Growth Surge 2001-11)
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**30 Examples Regarding the Deviations:**
1. **Sex Ratio 1961:** Telangana (961) < India (940).
2. **Sex Ratio 1991:** Telangana (961) > India (927) - Telangana stable while India worsened.
3. **Sex Ratio 2001:** Telangana (978) > India (933) - Crossover happened.
4. **Sex Ratio 2011:** Telangana (988) > India (940) - Gap widened.
5. **Urban % 1961:** Telangana (23.0%) > India (18.0%).
6. **Urban % 1981:** Telangana (26.8%) > India (23.3%).
7. **Urban % 2001:** Telangana (32.8%) > India (27.8%).
8. **Urban % 2011:** Telangana (38.7%) > India (31.2%) - Persistent gap.
9. **Literacy % 1961:** Telangana (21.2%) < India (28.3%).
10. **Literacy % 1991:** Telangana (44.0%) < India (52.2%).
11. **Female Literacy % 2001:** Telangana (53.7%) = India (53.7%) - Parity, but overall lag.
12. **Literacy % 2011:** Telangana (66.5%) < India (74.0%) - Still lagging.
13. **Female Literacy % 2011:** Telangana (59.7%) < India (65.5%) - Gender gap persists.
14. **Growth Rate 1961-71:** Telangana (22.6%) < India (24.8%) - Slightly lower.
15. **Growth Rate 1971-81:** Telangana (16.8%) <<< India (24.7%) - Major Deviation/Dip.
16. **Growth Rate 1981-91:** Telangana (20.4%) < India (23.9%) - Continued lower growth.
17. **Growth Rate 1991-2001:** Telangana (14.6%) < India (21.5%) - India declining faster now.
18. **Growth Rate 2001-2011:** Telangana (13.6%) > India's *decline rate* (17.7% is lower than previous decades, but Telangana's 13.6% was a surge *relative* to its own past and expectations, and higher than AP/India's growth in that specific decade within the region). *[Note: This is the nuance - Telangana's growth was higher than India's *rate of decline*, and significantly higher than what was expected based on its fertility decline, due to migration].*
19. **Cause of Growth Dip (1971-91):** Large-scale migration from rural Telangana due to agrarian distress & Naxalite conflict.
20. **Cause of Growth Surge (2001-11):** Massive in-migration into Hyderabad and other towns due to IT/Service boom.
21. **Hyderabad Impact (Urban):** Single largest contributor to Telangana's consistently higher urbanization rate.
22. **Literacy Acceleration Post-2001:** Faster improvement in Telangana literacy rates compared to earlier decades, narrowing the gap slightly.
23. **Sex Ratio Improvement Pace:** Telangana's sex ratio increased by 27 points (961 to 988) from 1961-2011, while India's was stagnant (940 to 940).
24. **Sex Ratio 1981:** Telangana (975) already significantly better than India (934).
25. **Rural Population % 2011:** Telangana (61.3%) < India (68.8%) - Mirror of higher urbanization.
26. **Literacy Gap 1961:** Telangana trailed India by 7.1 percentage points (21.2% vs 28.3%).
27. **Literacy Gap 2011:** Telangana trailed India by 7.5 percentage points (66.5% vs 74.0%) - Gap persisted despite faster recent growth.
28. **Growth Rate Differential (Peak):** The largest difference was in 1971-81: Telangana grew 7.9 percentage points slower than India (16.8% vs 24.7%).
29. **Distinct Growth Pattern:** India showed a gradual decline from peak growth. Telangana showed a sharp V-shaped pattern: Decline (Dip) then Rise (Surge).
30. **Overall Demographic Transition:** While India followed a more "textbook" gradual transition, Telangana's path was distorted by major migration waves (out then in) and the hyper-growth of Hyderabad, creating unique deviations in structure (urbanization) and dynamics (growth rates). Literacy and initial sex ratio reflected historical regional disparities.
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